Cement is made from a mixture of calcium carbonate generally in the form of limestone silica iron oxide and alumina A high temperature kiln often fuelled by coal heats the raw materials to a partial melt at 1450°C transforming them chemically and physically into a substance known as clinker
allowance must be made for ash incorporated into the clinker from the fuel that fires the kiln Most cement plants worldwide use finely ground pulverized coal as the primary fuel Increasingly by product fuels such as the residue from oil refining petroleum coke and vehicle tyres are being used to partially replace some of the coal
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